Trait Theory and Brand Personality Framework - 1679 Words

This paper discusses about Trait Theory and Brand Personality Framework in personality. Details of the two theories will be explained first, along with some real examples of how firms make use of personality traits to strengthen their brands. The shortcomings of the two existing theories will then be analyzed, and some measures developed by recent researchers will be introduced in order to overcome the weaknesses. I chose this topic because I am interested in psychology and personality traits. Many personality tests usually try to figure out interviewee’s personalities by asking questions regarding their behavior. This topic has a similar concept, but it is inversely about how marketers use personality theories to predict consumer’s†¦show more content†¦As a result, the framework does not generalize to situations in which analyses at the individual brand level and/or situations in which consumers are an element of differentiation. Because the latter is the top ic of a majority of practitioners’ research, this is a serious boundary condition. The third one regards the non-replicability of the five factors cross-culturally (Azoulay Kapferer, 2003). For example, Aaker et al. (2001) found that only three of the five factors (Sincerity, Excitement, and Sophistication) applied in Spain. Peacefulness replaced Ruggedness and Passion replaced Competence. In Japan four of the five factors emerged, in which Peacefulness again replaced Ruggedness. This discrepancy led some researchers to construct a country-specific brand personality scale. For examples, Bosnjak et al. (2007) developed a German scale, Milas and MlaÄ ić (2007) a Croatian one, and Smit, van den Berge and Franzen (2002) a Dutch one. In response to the above weaknesses, a new brand personality measure has recently been developed by some researchers to alleviate the problem. It consists of twelve items and five factors: Activity, Responsibility, Aggressiveness, Simplicity, and Emotionality. The new measure proved to be more reliable forShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Self Congruity And Multifactorial Gender Identity Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesResearch suggests that as time goes on, more products are becoming gendered and fewer domains remain undifferentiated (Fugate Phillips, 2010), and that once a brand has an established brand gender is it increasingly difficult to open to new audiences without alienating the current targeted market (Debevec Iyer, 1986). 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Corporation (Fisch) Outline Penn Law Essay - 62808 Words

Table of Contents I.) INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES 2 A.) Efficiency and Other Concepts 2 B.) Agency and Partnership Law 2 II.) INTRODUCTION TO THE CORPORATE FORM 16 A.) Formation and Structure 16 B.) Debt, Equity, and Valuation 22 III.) CONTROL OF CORPORATE DECISIONS 32 A.) The Role of the Shareholder 32 B.) Management Obligations 50 1.) Duty of Care 51 2.) Duty of Loyalty 56 3.) Duty of Fairness: Parent-Subsidiary Relationships 63 4.) Duty of Good Faith 64 5.) Management Obligations Under Federal Securities Laws 67 C.) Shareholder Litigation 76 IV.) Structural Changes 85 A.) Transactions in Control 85 B.) Mergers and Acquisitions 86 1.) Mergers 87 2.) Sale of Assets 93 3.) Asset Purchase or Tender Offer 94 C.)†¦show more content†¦o Voluntary exchange is a prerequisite o Weakness: there is a societal imbalance in the distribution of resources, and it is virtually impossible for courts/legislatures to make important decisions that do not make someone worse off ââ€" ª Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency: (Business law model) *Increases aggregate well-being* Fairness model †¢ An act/rule is efficient (leads to overall improvement in social welfare) if at least one party would gain from it after all those who suffered a loss as a result of the transaction or policy were fully compensated (but those who suffer do not actually have to be compensated). o Wealth-maximization model that takes externalities into account. Potential improvement (not actual payment) is required. o Weakness: doesn’t speak to legitimacy of initial distribution of wealth; ignores the actual distributional consequences of policies and difficulty of accurately measuring external effects. †¢ Theories of the Firm o Coase Theorem: A firm exists because, in a world of positive transaction costs, it is sometimes more efficient to organize

Change and the World Changes for You free essay sample

OPPapers. com Research Papers and Essays for All †¢ Join †¢ Login †¢ Writing Service †¢ Help †¢ Question? 888-442-7499 †¢ Follow Us on Twitter †¢ Join †¢ †¢ Top of Form [pic] Bottom of Form Get Better Grades Today By Joining OPPapers. com and Accessing Over 470,000 Articles and Essays! get better grades Change And The World Changes For You †¢ Home Page » †¢ Miscellaneous Research Papers Change And The World Changes For You CHANGE AND THE WORLD CHANGES FOR YOU! The famous social worker THE MAHATMA of our country said a famous adage BE THE CHANGE THAT YOU WISH TO SEE IN THE WORLD for us to adhere. Change is not going to come if we wait for some other person, or if we are waiting for some other time we are the ones for whom we were waiting for, we are the change that we seek. One man is enough to cause a revolution in the world; MAHATMA abridged his thoughts in a single adage. We will write a custom essay sample on Change and the World Changes for You or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being a normal person one can become MAHATMA in life which not only be an acme for there life but also for this world. Mother Teresa said I alone cannot change the world but can cast a stone which can cause many ripples in the water†, even one contribution can lead this world a step further towards success. Each an every person in this world thinks adrift towards Is this essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 470,000 just like it! get  better  grades world but not with a new hope and aim which the world needs. The coming generation plays a crucial role in changing the world for a better leaving for which we need to make a change in the environment. The coming generation should be a dynamo to make a change in this world. No matter from where we are and what we do but we can always change and become a better version of our self. A tiny change today can make a dramatically change tomorrow. Each and every person in this world needs to pass through uncomfortable Tran sessions to place this world in a better position. Meanings 1. Adage proverb or saying 2. Adhere abide 3. Abridge to shorten by using for fewer words 4. Acme the highest point of achievement 5. Adrift aimless 6. dynamo- a very energetic person Read Full Essay Already a Member? Login Now  » This essay and over 470,000 other essays are available now on OPPapers. com. Submitted by: farha15 †¢ Date Submitted: 08/25/2011 07:01 AM †¢ Category: Miscellaneous †¢ Length: 2 pages (303 words) †¢ Views: 244 †¢ Rank: 480 †¢ Report this Essay †¢ Save Paper †¢ †¢ Related Essays †¢ b. f Skinners Waldo Two †¢ Women Who Changed The †¢ The Power Of One: One †¢ How Did World War 2 Change The †¢ The Changing World Of Women †¢ Climate Change And World †¢ How Did World War One †¢ Japan Changes From †¢ Wwi-Wwii Events That †¢ How The Hippies Changed †¢ How Our World Is Changing †¢ These Teachers Change The Literacy In An Ever †¢ Pope John Xxiii: a Partner †¢ Changing The World †¢ Brave New World As Huxley †¢ Tesla And Iter Will Change †¢ Printing Press And a †¢ 5. Technology Changes The †¢ What Were The Causes And †¢ The Impact Of Information †¢ Climate Change, Coral †¢ Changes In The Working †¢ How Changes In Technology †¢ How To Change The World †¢ Internet: Technology Which †¢ Death Of a Salesman And †¢ How Did The First World †¢ How Does Cranes Explain †¢ Realism Vs. Idealism: How Read Full Essay Already a Member? Login Now  » Reviews (0) Grade No grades Be the first person to evaluate the essay! Login to grade this document. RSS  ©2011 OPPapers. com Help †¢ About Us †¢ Our Blog †¢ F. A. Q. †¢ Contact Us Other Stuff †¢ Legal †¢ Site Stats †¢ Sitemap Saved Papers Save papers so you can find them more easily! Join Now Get instant access to over 470,000 papers. Join Now Recent Topics †¢ Segmentation Of †¢ Discuss The †¢ Leisure Time †¢ Electronic Media †¢ Management Function †¢ The Absurd Thomas Nagel

Social Interactionism of Charles Tilly Social Psychology

Questions: 1. What is/are the research question(s) addressed in this study? (Note: remember that this is a question and should end in a question mark.) 2. What is/are the research hypothesis/hypotheses in this study? (Note: remember that this is/are the proposed answer(s) to the question(s).) 3. Who/what are the participants in this study?(Note: remember to include the number of participants, who/what they were, and information on how they were recruited to participate.) 4. What materials were used to gather data? (Note: remember to include the names and citations of surveys if they were used, as well as detailed information on any other materials,) 5. What was the procedure used in this study?(Note: remember to provide detailed information about what the participants actually experienced.) 6. What was/were the researcher(s) conclusions? (Note: remember to compare these results to what the researcher(s) originally hypothesized.) 7. What is/are the implication(s) of this study? (Note: remember to include your opinion of why these findings are important.) 8. What is a methodological strength of this study? (Note: remember to include strengths of the way the study was conducted, not something great about what the researchers found.) 9. What is a methodological limitation of this study? (Note: remember to include limitations of the way the study was conducted, not something problematic about what the researchers found.) 10. If you were to follow-up this research, what question would you choose to address? Answers: 1. What is/are the research question(s) addressed in this study? The research questions addressed in this study are: Are the police officers influenced by the racial biasness in dealing with criminals? Can the biasness be eliminated by repeated exposure to computer simulation? 2. What is/are the research hypothesis/hypotheses in this study? The research hypotheses are: Police officers responses to criminal suspects are influenced by the suspects race The racial biasness can be overcome by training and computer simulation 3. Who/what are the participants in this study?(Note: remember to include the number of participants, who/what they were, and information on how they were recruited to participate.) The participants in the study are 50 certified sworn law-enforcement personnel in the state of Florida. There were 83% male and the rest were females. Among the males there were 84% White, 10% Black, 2% Native Americans and 4% Hispanic. The average age of the participants were 37 years and out of the 50 respondents there were, two of the officer made very few valid responses and thus the study was conducted on 48 participants. 4. What materials were used to gather data? In order to test the hypotheses, computer simulation was used. This simulation was used previously at a study by Plant et al. the programme uses a Inquisit software that instructed the participants to follow certain guidelines and instructions. The program presented to the participants with digital color photographs of nine Black and nine White males of college standard; they were selected from a set of pictures matched for attractiveness. A picture of a gun or a neutral object (e.g., wallet, cell phone), formatted to be equivalent in size and background, was superimposed on each of the faces. The gun or other object was positioned with the face still visible, but the location varied so that participants could not predict where the object would appear. Two stimuli were created for each face, one with a gun and one with a neutral object (Collins, 2010). On each trial, the computer program randomly selected one of the pictures and displayed it on the screen. So that the program would be challenging, the picture randomly appeared toward the top, middle, or bottom of the screen and toward the right, center, or left of the screen. Each picture appeared on screen until the participant responded or until the 630-ms time limit elap sed. When a participant did not make a correct decision (i.e., hit the wrong key or exceeded the time limit), an error message appeared on screen for a full second. Each participant completed 20 practice trials and 160 test trials. 5. What was the procedure used in this study? The procedure that was carried was that the officers were asked to meet the experiments individually in the private offices at headquarter of the departments. They were asked to sit at a desk with laptops in the front ('Social Psychology Quarterly: Article Index to Volume 74: 2011', 2011). They were told that the study was about the decisions to shoot and how the different factors influence the decision to shoot. The participants read the consent form and they agreed to participate in the simulation. They did not sign the forms as the anonymity was to be kept ensured. The experimenter provided the instructions to the participants regarding the computer simulation, and the participants did their task. After the simulation was over, participants were debriefed about the experiment and thanked for their participation. 6. What was/were the researcher(s) conclusions? The aim of this study that was hypothesized was to demonstrate that racial biases in responses to criminal suspects. It was seen that although it was present among some police officers, it was not inevitable and can be overcome with training on a computer simulation in which race is non diagnostic. 7. What is/are the implication(s) of this study? (Note: remember to include your opinion of why these findings are important.) Theses implications are important as because the decision of the police regarding shooting of the criminal based on the racial biasness could be understood. It was seen that they mistakenly shot the black suspects more than the white suspects in the early trial, but it was corrected after the simulation (Correll, Park, Judd Wittenbrink, 2002). It was seen that unlike much of the previous work that demonstrated the existence of racial biases in the decisions to shoot and in weapon identification, the current study is heartening and indicates that, although such biases exist in police officers responses to computer simulations, they are not inevitable and may be eliminated. 8. What is a methodological strength of this study? The methodological strength of the study was that to find whether the performance of the participants in the simulation task revealed less bias on the later trials than the earlier trials, it was split into two parts. The responses of the trails of the first half were compared to the responses of the second half. The error scores were submitted to a formula: 2 (race of suspect: Black vs. White) * 2 (object: gun vs. neutral) * 2 (trial: early vs. late) Then the object ANOVA was conducted for the early as well as the late trials 9. What is a methodological limitation of this study? The limitations were that the sample sizes small and it does not represent the whole police force. Thus there remains the problem that the racial discrimination can exist among the police. Moreover they were not tested regularly in order to check their progress. 10. If you were to follow-up this research, what question would you choose to address? It is hoped that is that the current work will provides a critical first step towards the understanding of the factors that influence and also eliminate the racial biases in police officers responses to the criminal suspects (Kelley, 2000). There is a question that can be raised is that the simulation can make the policemen sort out the difference of the biasness, but whether it will have a long lasting effect on them? References Collins, R. (2010). The Contentious Social Interactionism of Charles Tilly. Social Psychology Quarterly. doi:10.1177/0190272509359616 Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C., Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 83(6), 1314-1329. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.6.1314 Kelley, H. (2000). The Proper Study of Social Psychology. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(1), 3. doi:10.2307/2695877 Social Psychology Quarterly: Article Index to Volume 74: 2011. (2011). Social Psychology Quarterly, 74(4), 441-442. doi:10.1177/0190272511427896